Opciones terapéuticas para la colecistitis aguda: de las guías de Tokio 2018 a la práctica clínica / Therapeutic options for acute cholecystitis: from the Tokyo guidelines 2018 to clinical practice / Opções terapêuticas para colecistite aguda: das diretrizes de Tóquio 2018 à prática clínica

Resumen: Introducción: el tratamiento "gold standard" de la colecistitis aguda es la colecistectomía laparoscópica temprana. En pacientes añosos de alto riesgo anestésico-quirúrgico, con cuadros de evolución subaguda y/o con repercusión sistémica, es alternativa el tratamiento médico exclusivo o asociado al drenaje vesicular percutáneo. Objetivo: analizar y comparar las recomendaciones internacionales con las conductas terapéuticas en dos centros asistenciales de tercer nivel para pacientes con colecistitis aguda. Método: trabajo descriptivo, prospectivo de 161 pacientes con colecistitis aguda litiásica asistidos en los departamentos de emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas y el Hospital Español entre mayo de 2018 y mayo de 2019. Resultados: la colecistectomía laparoscópica temprana fue indicada en el 88% de los pacientes, con 3% de conversión y 9% de morbilidad. 12% recibieron manejo no operatorio, asociándose en el 65% colecistostomía percutánea. La edad avanzada, comorbilidades, discrasias y la severidad del cuadro presentaron asociación significativa con la modalidad terapéutica (p <0,05). El 40% de los pacientes en los que se realizó manejo no operatorio presentó recurrencias sintomáticas. A todos se les realizó la colecistectomía en diferido. Conclusiones: la colecistectomía laparoscópica temprana es la conducta terapéutica más frecuente. Las principales indicaciones de manejo no operatorio en nuestro medio son las características sistémicas desfavorables. El mismo presenta altas tasas de éxito y escasa morbilidad con una recurrencia sintomática del 40%.

Abstract: Introduction: early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for acute cholecystitis. However, exclusive medical treatment (EMC) or medical treatment associated with percutaneous gallbladder drainage is the treatment of choice in elderly patients given their high surgical and anesthetic risk and upon the subacute course of the condition and/or its systemic repercussions. Objective: to analyze and compare international guidelines to the therapeutic behavior for patients with acute cholecystectomy in two third-level hospitals. Methodology: descriptive, prospective study of 161 patients with litiasic acute cholecystitis treated in the ER of Hospital de Clínicas and Hospital Español between May 2018 and May 2019. Results: early laparoscopic cholecystectomy was indicated in 88% of patients, conversion being 3% and morbidity 9%. Twelve percent of patients received non-surgical treatment, 65% of which evidenced percutaneous cholecystostomy. Old age, comorbidities, dyscrasias, and severity of the condition were closely related to the therapeutic modality (p < 0.05). Forty percent of patients who received non-surgical treatment presented symptomatic repercussions. They all underwent delayed cholecystectomy. Conclusions: early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most frequent treatment of choice. Unfavorable systemic characteristics are the main indications for non-surgical management in our country. This surgical treatment evidences high success rates and scarce morbidity with 40% of systemic repercussions.

Resumo: Introdução: o tratamento padrão ouro da colecistite aguda é a colecistectomia laparoscópica precoce. Em pacientes idosos com alto risco anestésico-cirúrgico, com evolução subaguda e/ou repercussão sistêmica, o tratamento clínico isolado ou associado à drenagem percutânea da vesícula biliar é uma alternativa. Objetivo: analisar e comparar recomendações internacionais com condutas terapêuticas em dois centros terciários para pacientes com colecistite aguda. Método: estudo descritivo e prospectivo de 161 pacientes com colecistite aguda de cálculos atendidos nos serviços de emergência do Hospital de Clínicas e Hospital Español no período maio de 2018 - maio de 2019. Resultados: a colecistectomia laparoscópica precoce foi indicada em 88% dos pacientes, com 3% de conversão e 9% de morbidade. 12% receberam tratamento não operatório, associado a 65% colecistostomia percutânea. Idade avançada, comorbidades, discrasias e gravidade do quadro apresentaram associação significativa com a modalidade terapêutica (p < 0,05). 40% dos pacientes nos quais o manejo não operatório foi realizado apresentaram recidivas sintomáticas. Todos foram submetidos à colecistectomia diferida. Conclusões: a colecistectomia laparoscópica precoce é a abordagem terapêutica mais frequente. As principais indicações para o manejo não operatório em nosso meio são as características sistêmicas desfavoráveis. Apresentando altas taxas de sucesso e baixa morbidade com recorrência sintomática de 40%.

Gravedad de colecistitis aguda en paciente lúpica con COVID-19 / Severity of acute cholecystitis in a lupus patient with COVID-19

Las enfermedades reumáticas constituyen un grupo de afecciones cuyo mecanismo patogénico se enfoca en la persistencia de un proceso inflamatorio que origina manifestaciones articulares y sistémicas. Aunque no es frecuente, en ocasiones el proceso inflamatorio genera complicaciones graves que requieren intervención quirúrgica como es el caso de la colecistitis aguda. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 36 años de edad, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico de 5 años de evolución que ingresa con COVID-19 y a los 6 días de hospitalización comienza con un cuadro franco de abdomen agudo que requirió intervención quirúrgica de urgencia. Se presenta el cuadro por la coexistencia de la enfermedad reumática, la infección por COVID-19 y el evento agudo secundario al proceso inflamatorio que causan ambas afecciones(AU)

Rheumatic diseases constitute a group of conditions whose etiopathogenic mechanism focuses on the persistence of an inflammatory process that generates joint and systemic manifestations. Although it is not frequent, sometimes the inflammatory process generates serious complications that require surgical intervention, as is the case with acute cholecystitis. The case of a 36-year-old female patient is presented, with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus of 5 years of evolution who was admitted due to symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and after 6 days of hospitalization she began with a clear picture of acute abdomen that required emergency surgical intervention. The picture is presented due to the coexistence of rheumatic disease, COVID-19 infection and the acute event secondary to the inflammatory process that both conditions generate(AU)

Factores de riesgo prequirúrgicos para una colecistectomía laparoscópica difícil / Preoperative risk factors for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy

RESUMEN Antecedentes: varios estudios observacionales han identificado factores de riesgo (FR) para una colecistectomía laparoscópica difícil (CLD). Objetivo: identificar los FR preoperatorios para CLD en un hospital público de mediana complejidad. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo de cohorte transversal. Se analizaron 80 pacientes mayores de 18 años sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica, entre enero y diciembre de 2019. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, IMC (índice de masa corporal), litiasis vesicular, pancreatitis aguda, colecistitis aguda o crónica, síndrome de Mirizzi, CPRE dentro del mes, numero de cólicos en el último mes, si presentó al menos un cólico en la última semana, leucocitos, enzimas hepáticas mayores, bilirrubina total, hallazgos de ecografía prequirúrgicos, antecedentes de cirugías abdominales previas. Resultados: la incidencia de CLD fue de 47,5%. La tasa de conversión a cirugía convencional fue del 11,25%, el 100% fueron CLD. Los FR para CLD incluyeron sexo masculino (OR: 4,50, IC 95%:1,60-12,62, p: 0,004), cólico en la semana previa a la cirugía (OR:7,17, IC 95%:1,89-27,23, p: 0,004), paredes engrosadas de la vesícula (OR: 4.90, IC 95%:1,90-12,70, p: 0,001), edema perivesicular (OR: 7,14 IC 95%:1,45-35,13 p: 0,016), la vesícula hidrópica (OR: 4,94, IC 95%:1,44-16,88, p: 0,011) y las cirugías previas (OR: 4.38 IC 95%:1,27-15,10 p: 0,001). En el análisis multivariado vemos que los pacientes de sexo masculino y pacientes con cirugías previas presentaban un riesgo elevado para CLD (OR: 6,63 IC 95%:1,75-25,08 p: 0.005; OR: 11.70 IC 95%:1,48-92,37 p: 0,020). Conclusión: se deben centrar los esfuerzos en identificar los pacientes con sospecha de CLD, pudiendo planificar la cirugía y un equipo quirúrgico experimentado.

ABSTRACT Background: The risk factors (RF) for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy (DLC) have been identified in many observational studies. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the preoperative RF for DLC in a secondary care public hospital. Material and methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional cohort study of patients > 18 years undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January and December 2019. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), cholelithiasis, acute pancreatitis, acute or chronic cholecystitis, Mirizzi syndrome, ERCP within the previous month, episodes of biliary colic in the last month, presence of at least one colic within one week before surgery, white blood cell count, liver enzymes, total bilirubin, preoperative ultrasound and history of upper abdomen surgery. Results: The rate of DLC was 47.5%. Conversion rate to conventional surgery was 11.25% and 100% were categorized as DLC. The RF for DLC included male sex (OR, 4.50; 95% CI,1.60-12.62; p = 0.004), colic within 1 week before surgery (OR, 7.17; 95% CI,1.89-27.23; p = 0.004), gallbladder wall thickening (OR, 4.90; 95% CI,1.90-12.70; p = 0.001), edema around the gallbladder (OR, 7.14; 95% CI, 1.45-35.13; p = 0.016), hidrops gallbladder (OR, 4.94; 95% CI,1.44-16.88; p = 0.011) and previous surgeries (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.27-15.10; p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, male sex and previous surgery were associated with higher risk of DLC (OR, 6.63; 95% CI,1.75-25.08; p = 0.005; and OR, 11.70, 95% CI,1.48-92.37; p = 0.020, respectively). Conclusion: Efforts should focus on identifying patients with suspicion of DLC to plan surgery with an experienced surgical team.

When to remove the drainage catheter in patients with percutaneous cholecystostomy?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The treatment for patients with acute calculous cholecystitis who have high surgical risk with percutaneous cholecystostomy instead of surgery is an appropriate alternative choice. The aim of this study was to examine the promising percutaneous cholecystostomy intervention to share our experiences about the duration of catheter that has yet to be determined. METHODS: A total of 163 patients diagnosed with acute calculous cholecystitis and treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy between January 2011 and July 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. The Tokyo Guidelines 2018 were used to diagnose and grade patients with acute cholecystitis. RESULTS: The mean age was 71.81±12.81 years. According to the Tokyo grading, 143 patients had grade 2 and 20 patients had grade 3 disease. The mean duration of catheter was 39.12±37 (1-270) days. Minimal bile leakage into the peritoneum was noted in 3 (1.8%) patients during the procedure. The rate of complications during follow-up of the patients who underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy was 6.9% (n=11), and the most common complication was catheter dislocation. Cholecystectomy was performed in 33.1% (n=54) of the patients at follow-up. Post-cholecystectomy complication rate was 12.9%. At the follow-up, the rate of recurrent acute cholecystitis episodes was 5.5%, while the mortality rate was 1.8%. The length of follow-up was five years. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of recurrence was significantly higher among the patients with catheter for <21 days. We recommend that the duration of catheter should be minimum 21 days in patients undergoing percutaneous cholecystostomy.

Progress in diagnosis and treatment of gangrenous cholecystitis / 中华外科杂志

Gangrenous cholecystitis is a kind of acute cholecystitis, whose course of disease progresses rapidly, early diagnosis is difficult and mortality is high, and clinicians are prone to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis in clinical work.However, gangrenous cholecystitis has been ignored in various guidelines.This paper systematically summarized the pathogenesis, pathological manifestations, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment of gangrenous cholecystitis, hoping to provide a complete and clear diagnosis and treatment process for clinicians.

Is combined rather than single antibiotic therapy actually reasonable in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Acute calculous cholecystitis (AC) is a frequently encountered emergency surgery disease and its standard treatment is cholecystectomy. In patients with high risk in surgery, antibiotic treatment (AT) is important. In routine clinical practices, antibiotics are frequently used either as single or in combination in the treatment of AC. This study examined whether or not combined antibiotic treatment (CAT) had superiority over single antibiotic treatment (SAT) in AC. METHODS Patients with cholecystitis who received treatment in the period of 2016-2019 were retrospectively examined. The treatment procedures applied, patient findings, and laboratory data were analyzed using relevant statistical software. The patients were categorized into groups based on the treatment approaches applied, and the effects of SAT and CAT on infection parameters were analyzed. RESULTS In all, 184 patients received treatment for AC, with a mean age of 57.7, and the female-to-male ratio was 77:107. Of these, 139 patients received SAT and 45 received CAT. No significant difference was found in terms of effectiveness between the SAT and CAT in the patients who received early cholecystectomy treatment and those who received medical treatment with noninvasive intervention. CONCLUSIONS In patients with AC, antibiotics are commonly used either as single or in combination for prophylaxis and therapeutic purposes. As no significant difference was observed between single and combined use in terms of treatment effectiveness and hospitalization duration, CAT is not recommended due to its possibility of allergic side effects, toxicity, and cost-increasing effects.

Colecistitis Aguda en el paciente crítico: ¿colecistostomía percutánea o colecistectomía quirúrgica? Revisión simple / Acute cholecystitis in the critical patient: percutaneous cholecistostint or surgical cholecistectomy? Simple review

Introducción: La colecistitis aguda es una patología quirúrgica común. Su resolución ideal es a través de la colecistectomía. En ocasiones, no es posible el abordaje quirúrgico, tomando protagonismo la colecistostomía percutánea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los resultados de la colecistostomía percutánea y de la colecistectomía quirúrgica en pacientes con colecistitis aguda. Material y Métodos: Se diseñó una revisión de trabajos clínicos que realizaron colecistostomías percutáneas y/o colecistectomías quirúrgicas en pacientes críticos con colecistitis aguda litiásica y/o alitiásica. Resultados: La búsqueda bibliográfica arrojó 12 artículos, de los cuáles se excluyeron 8 y se analizaron 4. De los artículos revisados, se reunieron 11374 pacientes con colecistitis (litiásica: 84,6% vs. alitiásica: 15,4%) analizando sus datos epidemiológicos. En el 21,4% de los casos se realizó colecistostomía percutánea y en el 78,6% colecistectomía quirúrgica. La morbilidad y mortalidad de los procedimientos percutáneos fue 11% y 9,8%, mientras que la de los procedimientos quirúrgicos fue 17,2% y 5,4%, respectivamente. El promedio de días de hospitalización fue 15.3 y 15.5, respectivamente. Conclusión: La colecistostomía percutánea presentó menor morbilidad, aunque reportó una mayor mortalidad. No hubo diferencias con respecto a la estadía hospitalaria. Los procedimientos percutáneos fueron menos costosos.

Introduction: Acute cholecystitis is a common surgical pathology. Its ideal resolution is through cholecystectomy. On occasions, a surgical approach is not possible, with percutaneous cholecystostomy taking center stage. The objective of this work was to analyze the results of percutaneous cholecystostomy and surgical cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis. Methods: A review of clinical studies that performed percutaneous cholecystostomies and / or surgical cholecystectomies in critically ill patients with acute lithiasic and / or alithiasic cholecystitis was designed. Results: The bibliographic search yielded 12 articles, of which 8 were excluded and 4 were analyzed. Of the articles reviewed, 11,374 patients with cholecystitis (lithiasic: 84.6% vs. alithiasic: 15.4%) were collected, analyzing their data epidemiological. Percutaneous cholecystostomy was performed in 21.4% of the cases and surgical cholecystectomy in 78.6%. The morbidity and mortality of percutaneous procedures was 11% and 9.8%, while that of surgical procedures was 17.2% and 5.4%, respectively. The average days of hospitalization were 15.3 and 15.5, respectively. Conclusion: Percutaneous cholecystostomy presented lower morbidity, although it reported higher mortality. There were no differences regarding hospital stay. Percutaneous procedures were less expensive.

Ascitis quilosa tras colecistectomía: presentación de un caso / Chylous ascites after cholecystectomy: case report and literatura review

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ascitis quilosa es la presencia de líquido linfático en la cavidad peritoneal. Como consecuencia de una cirugía abdominal es muy infrecuente, encontrando 5 casos previos en la literatura revisada tras colecistectomía. OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso clínico de ascitis quilosa poscolecistectomía, su manejo y una revisión de la literatura. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Varón de 77 años, quiloperitoneo 21 días después de realización de colecistectomía programada por colecistitis aguda. Resultados: Se realiza drenaje percutáneo con débito de 5 L en 24 horas, se inicia octreótido subcutáneo y nutrición parenteral total. Al tercer día disminuye el débito por el drenaje, por lo que se inicia dieta rica en triglicéridos de cadena media con buena evolución posterior. De los 5 casos previos tras colecistectomía, el 60% se resolvió con tratamiento conservador, un paciente precisó reintervención y otro colocación de un shunt portosistémico intrahepático trasnyugular (TIPSS). CONCLUSIÓN: La ascitis quilosa es una complicación postquirúrgica infrecuente, encontrando solo 5 casos previos tras colecistectomía. Inicialmente el manejo debe ser conservador, en caso de persistencia se deben valorar otras medidas.

INTRODUCTION: Chylous ascites is defined as the presence of lymph fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is a rare complication after abdominal surgery; only 5 previously reported cases were found after cholecystectomy. Aim: Present a case report and a literature review. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Case report of a 77 year old male who underwent an elective cholecystectomy due to acute cholecystitis. Chyloperitoneum showed up 21 days after surgery. RESULTS: We performed a percutaneous drainage and 5 L of fluid were removed in 24 hours. We started treatment with subcutaneous Octreotide and total parenteral nutrition. After 3 days drain output decreased and we started a medium-chain triglycerides diet with good progress. The outcome of 60% of the 5 previous case reports of chyloperitoneum after cholecystitis, were successful with conservative management, surgical intervention was needed in one patient and a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) was placed in another patient. CONCLUSION: Chylous ascites is a rare complication after surgery, there are only 5 previously case reports after cholecystectomy. Conservative management has to be the first option and in case of persistence another therapy has to be considered.

Resultado da colecistectomia laparoscópica em idosos / Results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os resultados da colecistectomia laparoscópica em idosos comparados com pacientes mais jovens. Métodos: revisamos os prontuários médicos informatizados de todos os pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica para colecistite crônica ou aguda, de 1o de janeiro de 2011 a 31 de março de 2018, em um único hospital de ensino. Os pacientes foram estratificados em dois grupos: idosos (≥60 anos de idade) e mais jovens (<60 anos de idade). Resultados: de 1645 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica, 1161 (70,3%) eram mais jovens e 484 (29,7%) eram idosos. A taxa de homens foi maior nos idosos (n=185, 38,2%) do que no grupo mais jovem (n=355, 30,6%, p=0,003). Icterícia foi mais comum em idosos do que no grupo mais jovem (p=0,004). A taxa de operação abdominal prévia também foi maior nos idosos (<0,001). A porcentagem de pacientes com escore ASA II, III e IV foi maior no grupo de idosos (p<0,001 no escore II e III e 0,294 no escore IV). O tempo de operação foi maior nos idosos (71,68±31,27) do que no grupo mais jovem (p=0,001). Os seguintes dados perioperatórios foram maiores nos idosos: colecistite aguda (p<0,001), taxa de conversão (p=0,028), complicações pós-operatórias (p=0,042) e mortalidade (p=0,026). Conclusão: o tempo operatório é maior e a taxa de colecistite aguda, conversão para colecistectomia aberta e complicações pós-operatórias são maiores em idosos quando comparados com pacientes mais jovens submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly compared with younger patients. Methods: we retrospectively reviewed computerized medical records of all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic or acute cholecystitis from January 1, 2011 to March 31, 2018 at a single teaching hospital. We stratified the patients into two groups: elderly (≥60 years of age) and younger (<60 years of age). Results: of 1,645 patients subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 1,161 (70.3%) were younger and 484 (29.7%) were elderly. The rate of male was higher in the elderly (n=185; 38.2%) group than in the younger (n=355; 30.6) (p=0.003). Jaundice was more common in the elderly (p=0.004). The rate of prior abdominal operation was also higher in the elderly (p<0.001). The percentage of patients with ASA score II, III, and IV was higher in the elderly group (p<0.001 in score II and III and 0.294 in score IV). Operative time was longer in the elderly (71.68±31.27) than in the younger group (p=0.001). The following perioperative data were higher in the elderly: acute cholecystitis (p<0.001), conversion rate (p=0.028), postoperative complications (p=0.042), and mortality (p=0.026). Conclusion: the operative time is longer and the rate of acute cholecystitis, conversion to open cholecystectomy and postoperative complications are higher in the elderly patients submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy when compared with younger individuals.

Abdomen agudo quirúrgico en el embarazo / Abdômen cirúrgico agudo na gravidez / Acute surgical abdomen in pregnancy

Introducción: el abdomen agudo quirúrgico es una entidad que de no resolverse quirúrgicamente causa la muerte en la mayoría de los casos y, en la mujer embarazada, resulta de especial interés ya que los síntomas y signos no se presentan de una manera típica. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del abdomen agudo quirúrgico en embarazadas en el servicio de Ginecobstetricia del Hospital General Docente Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja del municipio Baracoa, Guantánamo. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal retrospectivo de 25 historias clínicas de pacientes embarazadas que presentaron un abdomen agudo quirúrgico en el período comprendido desde noviembre de 1996 hasta noviembre de 2005. Resultados: el grupo de 20-29 años de edad tuvo un 64 por ciento de frecuencia seguido del grupo de 15-19 años, con el 36 por ciento. La apendicitis fue la causa más frecuente de abdomen agudo quirúrgico con 10 casos, seguido de colecistitis aguda y quiste de ovario complicado, ambas con 5 pacientes. Esta entidad apareció en el 68 por ciento de las pacientes que cursaban su segundo trimestre de embarazo, seguido por las gestantes del tercer trimestre, con el 28 por ciento. Hubo síntomas de dolor abdominal y taquicardia en el 100 por ciento de los casos; náuseas en el 60 por ciento, y contractura y reacción peritoneal en el 80 por ciento. La urosepsis se notó como complicación en el 12 por ciento, sepsis de la herida quirúrgica en el 4 por ciento, para un índice de morbilidad del 20 por ciento, con un índice de mortalidad materna del 4 por ciento. Conclusiones: el abdomen agudo quirúrgico se presentó con una incidencia de 1,9 por cada 1 000 embarazadas y más frecuente en las edades entre 20-29 años. La apendicitis aguda, la colecistitis aguda y quiste de ovario complicado son las enfermedades que más se presentaron en el abdomen agudo quirúrgico durante el segundo trimestre del embarazo. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: dolor abdominal, contractura y reacción peritoneal. El mayor porcentaje de los casos resultó positivo en el diagnóstico clínico(AU)

Introduction: acute surgical abdomen is an entity that, if not resolved surgically, causes death in most cases and, in pregnant women, it is of special interest since the symptoms and signs do not appear in a typical manner. Objective: to characterize the behavior of acute surgical abdomen in pregnant women in the gynecology service of the General Teaching Hospital "Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja" in the municipality of Baracoa, Guantánamo. Method: a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study of 25 clinical histories of pregnant patients who presented an acute surgical abdomen in the period from November 1996 to November 2005. Results: the group of 20-29 years of age had 64 percent of frequency followed by the group of 15-19 years, with 36 percent. Appendicitis was the most frequent cause of acute surgical abdomen with 10 cases, followed by acute cholecystitis and complicated ovarian cyst, both with 5 patients. This entity appeared in 68 percent of the patients who were in their second trimester of pregnancy, followed by the pregnant women of the third trimester, with 28 percent. There were symptoms of abdominal pain and tachycardia in 100 percent of the cases; nausea in 60 percent, and contracture and peritoneal reaction in 80 percent. Urosepsis was noted as a complication in 12 percent, sepsis of the surgical wound in 4porcent, for a morbidity rate of 20 percent, with a maternal mortality rate of 4 percent. Conclusions: the acute surgical abdomen presented with an incidence of 1.9 per 1000 pregnant women and more frequent in the ages between 20-29 years. Acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis and complicated ovarian cyst are the diseases that most occurred in the acute surgical abdomen during the second trimester of pregnancy. The most frequent symptoms were: abdominal pain, contracture and peritoneal reaction. The highest percentage of cases was positive in the clinical diagnosis(AU)

Introdução: o abdome cirúrgico agudo é uma entidade que, se não resolvida cirurgicamente, causa a morte na maioria dos casos e, em gestantes, é de especial interesse, uma vez que os sintomas e sinais não aparecem de maneira típica. Objetivo: caracterizar o comportamento do abdome cirúrgico agudo em gestantes do serviço de ginecologia do Hospital Universitário "Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja" no município de Baracoa, Guantánamo. Método: estudo retrospectivo transversal, descritivo, com 25 histórias clínicas de gestantes que apresentaram abdome cirúrgico agudo no período de novembro de 1996 a novembro de 2005. Resultados: o grupo de 20-29 anos de idade apresentou 64 por cento de freqüência seguido pelo grupo de 15-19 anos, com 36 por cento. Apendicite foi a causa mais freqüente de abdome cirúrgico agudo com 10 casos, seguido de colecistite aguda e cisto ovariano complicado, ambos com 5 pacientes. Essa entidade apareceu em 68 por cento dos pacientes que estavam no segundo trimestre de gestação, seguidos pelas gestantes do terceiro trimestre, com 28 por cento. Houve sintomas de dor abdominal e taquicardia em 100 por cento dos casos; náusea em 60 por cento e contratura e reação peritoneal em 80 por cento. A urosepse foi notada como uma complicação em 12 por cento, sepse da ferida cirúrgica em 4 por cento, para uma taxa de morbidade de 20 por cento, com uma taxa de mortalidade materna de 4 por cento. Conclusões: o abdome cirúrgico agudo apresentou uma incidência de 1,9 por 1000 gestantes e mais frequente nas idades entre 20 a 29 anos. Apendicite aguda, colecistite aguda e cisto ovariano complicado são as doenças que mais ocorreram no abdome cirúrgico agudo durante o segundo trimestre da gravidez. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram: dor abdominal, contratura e reação peritoneal. O maior percentual de casos foi positivo no diagnóstico clínico(AU)

Factores predictivos de colecistitis aguda gangrenosa / Predictive factors of acute gangrenous cholecystitis

Introducción: La colecistitis aguda gangrenosa (CAG) es una complicación severa de la colecistitis aguda, afectando entre el 2 y 20% de las mismas. En la actualidad no hay disponibles guías definidas para detectar estos casos y definir su conducta quirúrgica con rapidez. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al estudio de los factores predictivos de la CAG para identificar los pacientes que requieren cirugía de urgencia. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda retrospectiva de pacientes que fueron sometidos a colecistectomía con diagnóstico preoperatorio de colecistitis aguda en el Nuevo Hospital San Roque, entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2012. El Nuevo Hospital San Roque es un centro público de atención de tercer nivel al que acceden de forma gratuita los habitantes de la Ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina) y alrededores que no cuentan con cobertura de salud privada. Los factores de riesgo preoperatorios evaluados incluyeron sexo, edad, diabetes, obesidad, vómitos, fiebre, recuento de glóbulos blancos, eritrosedimentación, enzimas hepáticas, amilasa y hallazgos ecográficos como diámetro de la pared vesicular y líquido perivesicular. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos de acuerdo con el diagnóstico anatomopatológico: el grupo 1 incluyó pacientes con CAG y el grupo 2, pacientes con colecistitis aguda no gangrenosa. Resultados: De un total de 183 pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía, 101 (55,1%) presentaron CAG. El análisis multivariado determinó que en nuestro grupo de estudio la razón de probabilidades de CAG asociadas a las variables fiebre, diabetes, y sexo masculino son mayores de 2 y estadísticamente significativas. Asimismo, la razón de probabilidades de CAG aumenta con el nivel de glóbulos blancos y eritrosedimentación. Conclusión: Las variables fiebre, diabetes, sexo masculino, glóbulos blancos, y eritrosedimentación pueden ser consideradas factores predictivos independientes en nuestro caso de estudio.

Introduction: Acute gangrenous cholecystitis (AGC) is a severe complication of acute cholecystitis affecting between 2 and 20% of them. To date, there are no defined guidelines available to triage high-risk surgical patients. Our objective is to contribute to the literature studying predictive factors of AGC aimed at identifying patients who require emergency surgery. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective search of patients who underwent cholecystectomies with preoperative diagnosis of acute cholecystitis at Nuevo Hospital San Roque between January 2011 and December 2012. Nuevo Hospital San Roque is a public hospital in Argentina that provides health services to non-privately insured residents of the Cordoba metropolitan area. The resulting sample was used to perform a multivariate analysis encompassing the following preoperative risk factors: gender, age, diabetes, obesity, vomiting, fever, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, liver enzymes, amylase and sonographic findings like diameter of gallbladder wall and perivesicular liquid. Patients were divided into two groups according to pathological diagnosis: group 1 included patients with acute AGC and group 2 with no gangrenous acute cholecystitis. Results: One hundred and one patients presented AGC out of a total of 183 patients analyzed. Our multivariate analysis determined that the odds ratio of CAG associated with the variables fever, diabetes, and male gender are greater than 2 and statistically significant. Likewise, the odds ratio of CAG is increasing in the level of white blood cells and in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Conclusion: We found that fever, diabetes, male gender, white blood cells, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate can be considered independent predictors in our sample.

Resolución quirúrgica de la colecistitis aguda: ¿influye el tiempo de evolución? / Cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: affect the time of evolution in the outcomes?

Introducción: La colecistectomía laparoscópica precoz es nuestra conducta para el tratamiento de la colecistitis aguda; sin embargo, la consulta tardía y el tratamiento postergado por dificultades de acceso hacen que el tiempo de resolución muchas veces sobrepase los 7 días de iniciados los síntomas. Nuestro objetivo es comparar los resultados quirúrgicos entre los pacientes operados antes y después de este periodo. Material y métodos: Serie de casos consecutivos de pacientes con diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda operados entre junio de 2013 y diciembre de 2014 en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital de Coquimbo. De 358 casos, se excluyen aquellos asociados a colangitis, pancreatitis aguda, ASA ≥ 4 y cuadro mayor de 30 días. Consecuentemente se incluyen 233 pacientes que se dividen en «grupo precoz¼ (GP), operados antes del séptimo día de iniciados los síntomas, y «grupo tardío¼ (GT), operados después de este periodo. Se analizan la presentación de la serie y la asociación entre variables cualitativas y cuantitativas mediante la prueba de χ² y t de Student, respectivamente. Resultados: El GP presenta una estadía hospitalaria de 3,9 (± 2,0) días y el GT de 7,2 (± 5,2), (p = 0,0001); el periodo postoperatorio es de 1,9 (± 1,6) y de 2,9 (± 4,4) días, respectivamente (p = 0,055). La tasa de conversión en el GP es del 2,1% y en el GT del 9,7% (p = 0,027); la tasa global de complicaciones postoperatorias es del 3,2 y 10,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,033). Discusión: Nuestros resultados respaldan la colecistectomía precoz en pacientes con colecistitis aguda. Se pone de manifiesto un problema de gestión, en que la postergación de la resolución quirúrgica empeora los resultados y conlleva mayor riesgo de complicaciones.

Introduction: The treatment for acute Cholecystitis should be an early Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. However, this resolution often exceed 7 days after the clinical symptoms onset. Mainly, for delayed consultation of the patients, access difficulties and delayed surgical resolution in our hospital. The aim is compare the surgical outcomes of patients that have had a Cholecystectomy before 7 days after the clinical symptoms onset with those operated after this period. Material and methods: Between June 2013 and December 2014, 358 patients were Cholecystectomy for acute Cholecystitis at the Hospital of Coquimbo. Those associated to Cholangitis, Acute Pancreatitis, ASA ≥ 4 and Gallbladder Cancer, were excluded; 233 patients were included. They were allocated into two groups according to the treatment timeframe: ‘Early Group’ (EG) for those operated before the seventh day of symptoms onset and ‘Late Group’ (LG) for those operated after this period. A retrospective study was used to collect data demographics, clinical and surgical outcomes. All these factors were compared between the two groups. Results: The EG had a hospital stay of 3.9 (± 2.0) days and the LG 7.2 (± 5.2) (P = .0001); the postoperative stay was 1.9 (± 1.6) and 2.9 (± 4.4) (P = .055) days, respectively. The conversion rate in the EG was 2.1% and 9.7% in the LT (P = .027); the overall rate of postoperative complications was 3.2% and 10.7% (P = .033), respectively. Conclusions: The findings support an early Cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis. There is a management problem in terms of delayed surgical resolution which worsens surgical outcomes and increase morbidity.

Mortality of urgency versus elective videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis / Mortalidade da colecistectomia videolaparoscópica de urgência versus operação eletiva para colecistite aguda

ABSTRACT Background: Surgical approach is still controversial in patients with acute cholecystitis: to treat clinically the inflammatory process and operate electively later or to operate immediately on an emergency basis? Aim: To test the hypothesis that urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis has a higher mortality than elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: From the data available in Datasus, mortality was compared between patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis and in urgency. Calculations were made of the relative reduction in risk of death, absolute reduction of risk of death and number needed to treat. Results: From 2009 to 2014 in Brazil, there were 250.439 laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 74.6% were electives. Mortality in the emergency group was 4.8 times higher compared to the elective group (0.0023% vs. 0.00048%). Despite the relative reduction in risk of death (RRR) was 83%, in the calculation of absolute risk was found 0.0018 and number needed to treat of 55,555. Conclusions: Despite the relative risk reduction for mortality was high comparing elective vs. urgent basis, the absolute risk reduction was minimal, since this outcome is very low in both groups, suggesting that mortality should not have much influence on surgical decision.

RESUMO Racional: Continua controversa a conduta nos pacientes com colecistite aguda: compensar o processo inflamatório e operar eletivamente ou operar imediatamente em caráter de urgência? Objetivo: Testar a hipótese de que a colecistectomia videolaparoscópica de urgência por colecistite aguda apresenta maior mortalidade que a colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva Métodos: A partir dos dados disponíveis no Datasus, foi comparada a mortalidade entre os pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva por colelitíase e a de urgência. Foram realizados cálculos da redução relativa de risco de morte, redução absoluta do risco de morte e número necessário para tratar . Resultados: De 2009 a 2014 no Brasil, foram realizadas 250.439 colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas sendo 74,6% eletivas. A mortalidade no grupo de emergência foi 4,8 vezes mais elevada em comparação com o grupo eletivo (0,0023% vs. 0,00048%). Apesar da redução relativa do risco de morte (RRR) ser de 83%, no cálculo do risco absoluto encontrou-se 0,0018 e número necessário para tratar de 55.555. Conclusões: Apesar da redução relativa de risco para mortalidade ser alta comparando o caráter eletivo vs. urgência, a redução de risco absoluto é mínima, já que esse desfecho é muito baixo nos dois grupos, sugerindo que a mortalidade não deve ter muita influência na tomada de decisão cirúrgica.

Non-invasive mechanical ventilation and epidural anesthesia for an emergency open cholecystectomy / Ventilação mecânica não invasiva e anestesia peridural em colecistectomia aberta de emergência

Abstract Non-invasive ventilation is an accepted treatment modality in both acute exacerbations of respiratory diseases and chronic obstructive lung disease. It is commonly utilized in the intensive care units, or for postoperative respiratory support in post-anesthesia care units. This report describes intraoperative support in non-invasive ventilation to neuroaxial anesthesia for an emergency upper abdominal surgery.

Resumo Ventilação não invasiva é uma modalidade de tratamento aceita tanto em exacerbações agudas de doenças respiratórias quanto em doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. É comumente usada em unidades de terapia intensiva ou para suporte respiratório pós-cirúrgico em salas de recuperação pós-anestesia. Este relato descreve o suporte intraoperatório em ventilação não invasiva para bloqueio do neuroeixo em cirurgia abdominal alta de emergência.

Patologías quirúrgicas en el embarazo / Surgical pathologies in pregnancy

Introducción: una de cada 50 mujeres presentará durante su embarazo dolor abdominal potencialmente quirúrgico y una de cada 600 mujeres embarazadas requerirá de cirugía abdominal no obstétrica durante el embarazo. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia y características demográficas y clínicas de patologías quirúrgicas durante el embarazo en pacientes internadas en el Hospital Nacional del año 2010 al 2014. Metodología: diseñoobservacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte trasversal. Población estudiada: gestantes y/o puérperas atendidas en el Hospital Nacional con diagnóstico de patologías quirúrgicas durante los años 2010-2014. Muestreo no probabilístico según criterio. Resultados: se hallaron 76 mujeres (0,5%) con patologías quirúrgicas, la edad media fue 27 ± 6,2 años. La litiasis vesicular y la apendicitis aguda fueron las más frecuentes. La media de edad gestacional fue 28 ± 9,4 semanas. Las complicaciones fueron abdomen agudo y pancreatitis aguda, requiriendo cirugía 39 (51,3%) pacientes. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de patologías quirúrgicas fue menor al 1%, las patologías biliares y apendiculares fueron las más frecuentes.

Introduction: One in 50 women during pregnancy will potentially present surgical abdominal pain and one of every 600 pregnant women will require nonobstetric abdominal surgery during pregnancy. To determine the frequency and types of surgical pathologies during pregnancy in patients hospitalized in the HNI from 2010 to 2014. Methodology: observational, descriptive, retrospective study population crosscut: population studied pregnant and / or postpartum women treated at the National Hospital with a diagnosis of surgical pathologies during the years 2010-2014, no probabilistic sampling according to criteria. Results: 76 (0.5%) with surgical pathologies, median age were found: 27 ± 6.2 years, Cholelithiasis and acute appendicitis were the most frequent. Median gestational age was 28 ± 9.4 weeks. The complication were acute abdominal patology and acute pancreatitis, requiring surgery 39 (51.3%) patients. Conclusions: The frequency of surgical pathologies were less than 1%, biliary and appendicular pathology were the most frequent.

Fístula colecistocutánea espontánea / Spontaneous cholecystocutaneous fistula

Background: Spontaneous cholecystocutaneous fistula is a rare complication of acute cholecystitis. The incidence has decreased due to prompt and early surgical management of patients with acute cholecystitis. Case report: We report a 64 years old woman consulting for erythematous soft and non-tender mass in right flank. Ultrasound revealed the cholecystocutaneous fistula. The fistulous tract and the gallbladder were excised from average laparotomy.

Introducción: La fístula colecistocutánea es una rara complicación de la colecistitis aguda. La incidencia de esta patología ha disminuido debido al abordaje quirúrgico precoz de los pacientes con colecistitis aguda. Caso clínico: Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 64 años de edad que consulta por un nódulo con signos inflamatorios en el flanco derecho. La fístula fue diagnosticada mediante ecografía. La fístula y la vesícula fueron extirpadas mediante una laparotomía media.

Endoscopic Nasogallbladder Drainage in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis: What's Predictive Factor for Technical Success?

No abstract available.